What are optional chaining and nullish coalescing?

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**Target Audience:** Engineers preparing for JavaScript fundamentals interviews. **Difficulty:** Easy > **How to read this doc:** Concepts are explained in plain language first, then tagged with 📌 Interview term:. Every throw-vs-no-throw and call-count claim below was actually run in Node. ## 1. Why This Even Matters — A Story First Walking down a hallway of doors, checking behind each one for a specific box: optional chaining is like a careful walker who, upon finding any door

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What are optional chaining and nullish coalescing?